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COLUMNISTS
TODAY'S STORIES
16.06.2008
How Green Is the A/C, Anyway?

Does it take less energy to cool a home than heat it? In other words, is running the air conditioner (relatively) better for the planet than cranking up the thermostat? A short piece in Wired magazine's recent batch of counterintuitive green articles came down in favor of A/C, which would imply that living in warmer climes like Arizona is less-energy intensive—at least in this one respect—than living in the wintry Northeast. But now Ray Humbertpierre of the University of Chicago says that Wired didn't get things quite right:

But wait, the story doesn't stop there. First, there's the fact that air conditioning almost invariably runs off of electricity, and the increased electricity demand is a big source of the pressure to build more coal-fired power plants. A house can be heated by burning natural gas, and right there air conditioning becomes 1.8 times worse than heating, because natural gas emits only 55% of the carbon of coal, per unit of heat energy produced. And it gets even worse: Coal fired power plants are only 30% efficient at converting heat into electricity, on average, so there you get another factor of 3.3 in carbon emissions per unit of energy transferred between the house and its environment.

Finally, figure in a typical electric line transmission loss of 7% and you get another factor 1.075. Put it all together with the energy efficiency of the air conditioner itself and air conditioning comes in at a whopping 2.19 times less efficient than heating. for a given amount of temperature difference between house and environment. That means that so far as carbon emissions go, heating a house to 70 degrees when the outside temperature is 40 degrees is like cooling the same house to 70 degrees when the outside temperature is 83.7 degrees.

And that's still not the end of the story. A house in need of air conditioning has other heat inputs besides the heat leaking in from outside, and all that extra heat needs to be gotten rid of as well....

Er, so it's all very complicated, and I don't envy anyone trying to estimate whether they should stay in Boston or move to Phoenix to save on heating and cooling costs (not that there are such people, but if there were...). Of course, if Congress ever got around to passing a carbon tax or cap-and-trade bill, this would all become easy: The more carbon-intensive lifestyle would simply be a lot costlier than lower-carbon alternatives. That's the beauty of carbon pricing, at least in theory, though admittedly it will make life duller for journalists filing stories on whether it's better to buy a used car or get a brand-new Prius…

--Bradford Plumer

Posted: Monday, June 16, 2008 5:33 PM with 9 comment(s)

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ratnerstar said:

For the sake of the environment, I will give up cars with rapid acceleration, soothing incandescent light, delicious out-of-season vegetables from the southern hemisphere, and various other accoutrements of civilization.  But you'll get my A/C when you pry it from my cold, dead fingers.

June 16, 2008 1:41 PM

Brad Plumer said:

Haha, agreed. Though I don't think there's anything wrong with, say, solar-powered A/C…

June 16, 2008 1:51 PM

singlespeed said:

Brad what I find more absurd is the reason for A/C in such tropical climates as Arizona where natural ventilation and evaporative cooling are significantly more efficient but also provide better cooling capabilities when taken into account that for houses, evaporative cooling can be practically used as "on demand" whereas a/c needs a hermetically sealed envelope and running it for several hours before seeing any significant cooling all the while the naive homeowner cranks the thermostat ever lower thinking that "if I turn it cooler it'll get colder faster".

But the bigger issues is our capacity to design one-size-fits-all cooling and heating solutions for the one-size-fits-all housing designs we plop like turds on the sidewalk across the U.S. The same floor plan with the same windows. But when developers use a cookie-cutter approach to design homes with no regard to regional climate needs it only makes matters worse.

June 16, 2008 1:56 PM

jwl2672 said:

singlespeed:

Your problem is that you live in a magical world where everyone should live and behave a certain way and when they don't, you find that to be an annoyance.  How dare they live in the suburbs contributing to urban sprawl?  Or how dare they have central air.  Well, some people like large homes where their kids have a backyard and porch to play.  Not everyone enjoys apartment buildings.  Some people like using SUVs for their roominess.  Why are we trying to impose on their freedoms? To each his own:

In case you're thinking I'm some fat cat with 6 Hummers and 10 plasma tv's (like Al Gore and his electric bill), I didn't run my A/C on the hottest day of the year last week.  I even turn off my cable box in the morning cause the thing consumes 30w on standby.  This is personal choice.  That's what makes America great.

June 16, 2008 5:33 PM

cthulhu2008 said:

Or you could hook it up to a nuclear reactor and have no greenhouse emissions at all.

June 17, 2008 4:35 AM

singlespeed said:

JW...get off your high horse of "personal choice". Did you even get the point of my post? In Arizona there are better ways of cooling a house than A/C. Did I say you had to live in a hot box? No. Did I say you had  to give up your precious cable TV? No. Did I say you couldn't live in a big home with a back yard? No. When I post about these issues it's about finding better ways to do them without reducing the quality of life and it's through the lense of, you know, finding and designing solutions to do that.

You take a contrary view to anything that remotely questions the "American Way of Life" as either negative, socialist or otherwise. I use a critical eye to make things better.  But instead you go on about me living in a fantasy world? Where did that conclusion come from? My post didn't talk about people using mysterious technologies to cool their homes. It didn't talk about flying monkeys coming out of your ass every time you post something either.

I was talking about designing houses that could better respond to the place where they're built instead of a one-size-fits all approach and then slapping an a/c unit and calling it a day.

Next time read more closely or better still actually contribute to the discussion instead of using clichés and red herring statements like "Why are we trying to impose on their freedoms?"

June 17, 2008 11:05 AM

jwl2672 said:

Evaporative cooling is not good for people with rheumatism or other health issues - which encompasses a large percentage of the older population in Arizona.  And not many people like the moisture on their skin at all times.  There's a reason why people use air conditioning - it's a proven technology and it works.

What it ultimately boils down to is cost.  Sure, Priuses give better mileage but they cost more.  Your custom-designed solutions will cost the landowner more to buy.  Whether or not the electric bills' savings will offset this cost completely is another matter.

June 17, 2008 1:07 PM

singlespeed said:

JW...

First off the level of humidity involved with evaporative cooling is not much higher than the ambient humidity level of say Phoenix. And the low levels of humidity used in evaporative cooling have minimal effect on rheumatism. So what do you say to all the old timers who live and play outside in not-so dry Florida? Oh wait...you'd have them spend their entire life indoors to prove that they can't live in humidity?

Again you're missing the point of my post JW and you shoot yourself in the foot by claiming evaporative cooling costs more than a/c. Which it doesn't. Even the old but proven technology of the 'swamp' cooler costs less to run than an a/c unit based on total energy consumption. There are areas of the U.S. where a/c makes more sense because of the high, ambient humidity levels and outdoor air quality issues. There are areas where evaporative cooling makes more sense. Stop thinking of housing as a Happy Meal.

We're not talking about high cost solutions to how a typical house is designed for its location. You don't design the same house for New England as you do in Arizona. That's the point I"m trying to make. If you don't, can't or won't understand that all I can do is point you in the direction of outside sources that will help you understand it. The solutions I'm talking about don't cost more and can actually reduce the cost of owning your house.

June 17, 2008 2:01 PM

toyota prius hybrid said:

Here Come Electric Cars--

September 12, 2008 10:38 AM